Vegan Baking Recipes Vegan Egg Replacer Recipes Flax Seed Egg Replacer - An Egg Substitute That's Almost Magic

Flax Seed Egg Replacer - An Egg Substitute That's Almost Magic

Written by Mattie

5.0 (7)

Add Media

Write Review

Traditional bakers have been able to create a vast variety of foods over the last several hundred years of baking evolution. It’s surprising when you realize that everything from puddings to cakes to cookies vary little in the range of ingredients used. Versatile ingredients such as flour, sugar, fat and eggs make this sort of variation possible. These are the building blocks of pastry. Vegan baking is easy when all you have to worry about is manipulating flour, sugar and fat. So what are we do to do in regards to replacing the almighty egg? There is a legend that the Romans believed in chicken eggs so much, they mixed them into their concrete. To first understand what we need to replicate this building block we need to understand what an egg does in the world of baking.

Understanding the Egg

Love them or hate them, the chicken egg is an extremely useful food. If they were discovered today, they would trigger a revolution in how food is prepared. Eggs work in the following ways in traditional baking applications:

Structure builder

Eggs contain a particularly useful protein, among other egg proteins, called ovalbumin that is found in the translucent white, or albumen. These and other proteins consist in their natural state on the microscopic level as little rolled up balls. Think of them as tiny balls of yarn. When this protein is exposed to heat, it denatures or distorts it which causes them to unfold into little protein strands. The strands then join together to form a strong protein network that gives foods structure. This structure gets stiffer and stronger and actually pulls together slightly as more heat is applied and water is driven off. I visualize this as how rebar strengthens concrete. This network reinforcement is similar to how glutenin and gliadin come together to form a gluten network that creates structure in wheat-based bread. Ingredients that give foods this property are known as structure builders. This is why it is possible to have cake-like consistency in traditional flourless cakes; the eggs provide most of the structure in the absence of flour and actually work just like it.

Foaming agent

This is somewhat similar to structure building in that the egg proteins are not only good at strengthening, but also trapping air bubbles. Egg proteins and many other types of proteins can be denatured by heat but also by friction such as kneading or whipping. In this case, the egg proteins are denatured by whipping, join together and trap air bubbles. This is why eggs foams work so well in leavening cakes.

Emulsifier

An emulsifier is any molecule that has a water loving, or hygroscopic side and an oil loving, and hence, water repelling or hydrophobic opposite side. Emulsifiers are used in food to mix oil and water. This allows fats to more easily be dispersed in a food and water to be held in the food longer, leading to softer textures that take longer to stale. It is this ability of oil and water to work together that enables smooth ice creams, supple cakes and soft and chewy cookies.

There is no one type of food that can replicate all of these properties like an egg can so when looking into egg substitutions we need to use the ones that work for what we’re specifically trying to accomplish in the food. Flax seeds tend to be one of the most versatile foods for replacing eggs.

Flax Egg Replacer

Flax seeds have an outer hull consisting of five layers. The outermost layer, called the epiderm, contains a mucilaginous material which makes up about 8% of the flax seed by weight. This goopy material, known in the food science world as a mucilage, or gel, can be drawn out of the seed in several ways and used as an egg replacement that is suitable for many vegan baking applications. Flax gel is a hydrocolloid, which is defined as a substance that forms a gel when combined with water. The term comes from hydro, meaning water, and colloid, meaning a substance microscopically dispersed throughout another substance. The hydrocolloid family is huge, with vegan variants including foods such as tapioca starch, corn starch, potato starch, arrowroot starch, agar, carrageenan and even lesser known ones with weirder sounding names such as xanthan gum, guar gum and sodium alginate. It seems almost as if there is a law somewhere that states that many hydrocolloids need to have names that sound like scary alien rulers. Fear not, because most of the time, these wonder ingredients are made up of basic food building blocks known as polysaccharides. Hydrocolloids usually work either build structure, emulsify and soften mouthfeel; many things that eggs already do in traditional baking applications.

Flax gel is made up of mainly polysaccharides which is a type of starch. Polysaccharides, from the words many sugars, consist of continuous strings of monosaccharides, or single sugars; individual sugar molecules such as glucose, fructose, or other sugar molecules. Make a necklace out of a dozen or so Fruit Loops cereal rings. Now open that necklace end-to-end and lay it out in a straight line on a table. What you have now is a model of a polysaccharide where the Fruit Loops rings are the monosaccharide molecules. Polysaccharides are important in foods because they are exceptional at holding onto water molecules. Their long sugar strings also bump and tangle into each other when poured which causes them to increase the viscosity of water-based fluids. To illustrate this, visualize pouring a cup of rice compared to pouring a cup of water. Water pours easily because water molecules are tiny and slide past each other with minimal friction. Rice grains are larger and have more surface friction so they don't pour as fluidly. Polysaccharides are also responsible for the thickness of molasses and why brown sugar retains more water to make for chewier cookies. Molasses also contains smaller sugar molecules that fit into the flavor receptors on our tongue and are percieved as sweet. Polysaccharides are too large to fit into these flavor receptors so their flavor is not significantly sensed on the palette.

Other plants such as chia seeds, aloe vera, okra and even some basil seeds also contain polysaccharide gels. I have experimented with okra and chia and found that chia seeds can be substituted for flax seeds on a roughly one to one basis, although they are considerably more expensive. I found okra gel to lack suitable density to be superior to flax and chia gels.

Plants use polysaccharides as food by breaking them down into their individual sugars and metabolizing them into energy. This is especially important to the flax plant because its seed will use these polysaccharides during the sprouting phase. Since they’re made up of sugars which are water loving or hygroscopic, they are especially good at holding onto water for the plant to use as well.

Fortunately for us, many of the reasons polysaccharides are useful for plants are the same reasons they work great for egg substitutes. Flax gel can work as a mild structure builder, low foaming agent and emulsifier in vegan baking applications. Most other vegan egg replacers such as fruit purées, legume flours and non-dairy yogurts can only do one or two of these things. Flax gel is able to do all three without imparting off flavors, colors or textures when it is done properly. Depending on how flax egg replacers are prepared, they can be a healthy alternative to other egg replacers due to their excellent source of omega-3 fatty acids and protein content.

Flax Seed Drawbacks

Like most other egg replacers, flax seeds are never going to perform exactly like eggs. Eggs rely on proteins to do most of their work and flax seeds use polysaccharides so the results will not be exactly the same. Flax seed egg replacer is not a terrific foaming agent. That means it's next to impossible to use it to make extremely airy desserts like angel food cake, choux pastry or popovers. In fact, flax seed egg replacer can even do more harm than good in cakese due to its tendency to hold onto excess moisture. It also is not a structure builder in that it won’t form protein networks that reinforce doughs like an egg will. It will work to stick things together instead.

Finding the right Flax Seeds

When using flax for any food application it’s important to keep in mind two crucial points:

Never buy pre-ground flax seeds. Flax seeds contain oils that are extremely perishable. When the flax seed is ground, the oil is exposed to oxygen and begins to oxidize almost immediately. This oxidization turns the oils rancid which makes them toxic and causes them to impart a linseed oil aroma and flavor to your food. Linseed oil is in fact oxidized flax oil. When you buy pre-ground flax seeds there’s no way to tell how long they’ve been sitting around oxidizing. Always buy flax seeds whole, grind them yourself with a coffee grinder if you’re using them ground and store them in an airtight container in your freezer where they will keep for about a year. If you detect the taste of linseed oil in food prepared with flax seed egg replacers, this means that the flax seeds have gone rancid and should be discarded.

Look for golden flax seeds instead of brown.The brown variety will be more likely to darken your baked goods due their brown hulls.

Using Flax as an Egg Substitute

There are two ways to use flax seed as a vegan egg replacer. One is to use the whole ground flax meal dispersed in a liquid such as water, non-dairy milk or fruit juice and use it after it forms into a gel. The other, more involved way to use flax seed as an egg substitute is to boil whole flax seeds with water which extracts the gel, strain the flax gel off then discard the flax seeds. Each method has its benefits and drawbacks. Both methods are illustrated below.

Flax Meal Egg Replacer Recipe

In this method, golden flax seeds are ground into a whole flax meal with a coffee grinder. This flax meal is then mixed into a slurry with water and allowed to sit until a gel forms. This slurry, as well as the gel that accompanies it is used to replace the egg. I use the same grinder for my coffee as I do for my flax grinding. To ensure my flax meal doesn’t take on coffee flavors, I first grind a small amount of either corn flour, dried rice or flax seeds and discard it. This first grind will remove all of the coffee flavor so you can grind flax seeds without having them absorb coffee flavors or aromas.

Ground Golden Flax Seeds

Pros of this method

It’s fast and works great for most egg substitutions where eggs are used, such as in baking applications where moistness and denseness are desired qualities.
If you bake rarely you can pre-grind a large quantity of flax seeds, store them in your freezer and only use what you need when you need it.

Cons of this method

Flax meal has a subtle mealy flavor that's usually not prominent enough to stand out in most baked items as long as you don't add any more than about 3 Tablespoons of flax meal per normal, family-sized recipe.
Flax meal can work as the opposite as a structure builder in cakes because its slippery nature holds onto moisture. The mucilage can actually coat the gluten and gliadin, effectively blocking gluten bonds from forming. So I recommend against using it in cakes. I admit, it took me a while to figure this one out!
This method won’t work when a smooth, creamy texture or a uniform light color is desired; the flax seed particles will make soft ingredients such as frostings and sauces grainy and light colored baked items will have golden flecks.

This recipe makes the equivalent of 1 egg.

3 Tablespoons water

1 Tablespoon golden flax meal

1) Grind your flax seeds

Grind the golden flax seeds into a meal in a blender or spice grinder. You may want to grind a larger amount and store it for future use. Like flax oil, flax seeds are extremely perishable so if you grind a larger amount for later use, store it in an airtight container in the freezer for up to one year. 1 cup of golden flax seeds equals about 1 ⅓ cup of flax meal.

2) Whisk water into your flax seed meal

Add the water to a small bowl or cup. Add the flax meal and mix together with a whisk or fork. Let the mixture sit for about 10 minutes so it develops a gelatinous texture similar to a raw egg. Warm water will speed up this gelling process and make it happen about twice as fast.

Flax Gel Egg Replacer Recipe

This method involves extracting the flax gel from whole flax seeds using hot water then discarding the flax seeds. The gel is used to replace the egg. I must give credit to Miyoko Schinner for possibly inventing this method and popularizing it in her teachings.

Want to use flax gel in an already vegan recipe for extra binding power or to swap out another egg replacer? In this case, substitute the flax gel for the water in the recipe and whisk it in with the water-based ingredients. For instance, if your vegan recipe calls for 1 cup non-dairy milk, use ¾ cups + 1 Tablespoon non-dairy milk (1 cup minus 3 Tablespoons) and 3 Tablespoons (45 mL) flax gel to replace one egg equivalent and whisk them together. It’s ok if there are some other ingredients included when you whisk them together but since flax gel is water based, it will disperse best in water based liquids as you’re progressing through your recipe. Whisking flax gel into the vegetable oil in your recipe will not work because it won't allow the flax gel to disperse into the ingredients so it can do its job.

Pros of this method

Since there are no particles in the flax gel and it is translucent, it performs much more like an actual egg. It won’t impart as much flax flavor, color will not be affected and it won't contribute to a mealy texture. The purity of this flax gel allows you to use more of it where you need extra binding or emulsifying power such as soft and chewy cookies, bars or even ice creams.
Preparing flax gel allows you to make it in large quantities which can be a benefit if you bake often.

Cons of this method

This method is far more involved than the Flax Meal Egg Replacer. If you don’t bake often it may be more trouble than it’s worth.
It can be tricky to measure flax gel due to its high viscosity and elasticity, but a solution is below.
Once you make flax gel, its life is limited to about 1 week in your refrigerator or up to 3 months in your freezer where it will have to be thawed out before each use. You can make this convenient by measuring out small quantities into an ice cube tray, placing it in a plastic freezer bag and freezing it.

3 Tablespoons (45 mL) Flax Gel equals 1 egg.

3 cups water

5 Tablespoons (50 grams) flax seeds

1) Boil the flax seeds in water

In a small saucepan, add the water and flax seeds. Bring the mixture to a boil, uncovered, over medium-high heat. Reduce heat to a low boil, stirring occasionally, until the mixture is gelatinous and stringy, about 20 to 25 minutes. It’s important that the mixture is boiled uncovered here because not only are we coaxing the polysaccharides out of the husk of the flax seed with heat, we’re also boiling off some of the water to get an extra thick consistency.

Flax Gel Before Boil

2) Strain off the flax seed mucilage

It’s extremely important to use a strainer that has holes small enough so that the flax seeds don’t fall through but not too small or the flax gel won't drain off. This is the colander I recommend. A cheesecloth will not work because the flax gel won’t be able to flow through it. Immediately after boiling, place the strainer inside of a bowl and pour the mixture into the strainer. Wiping back and forth along the mesh of the strainer with a spatula can accelerate the straining process. It’s important that you strain the mixture immediately after boiling because as soon as it cools it will thicken to the point of where it's too thick to strain. If this happens, you can always reheat the mixture to a boil then strain it. Discard the flax seeds.

Straining the Flax Gel

3) Allow the flax mucilage to cool

Transfer the mixture to a small container and allow it to cool in the refrigerator until room temperature, about 1 hour. If using later, store it in the refrigerator in an airtight container for up to 1 week or in the freezer for up to 3 months. If you’re freezing the mixture you should consider measuring out 3 Tablespoon quantities, placing them in an ice cube tray and placing the tray in a plastic freezer bag before freezing. That way you can easily use one egg of flax gel without the burden of preparing it every time. Makes about 1 cup flax gel.

Measuring Flax Gel

Flax gel is a very powerful egg replacer but it can be difficult to measure out due to its extremely high viscosity and elasticity. It’s almost as if someone’s playing a trick on you when you need to measure it. Using Tablespoons, teaspoons and even transferring it to a container to weigh it is nearly impossible because it seems to want to go everywhere except where you want it to go. By far the best way to work with flax gel is with a $10 food grade syringe. By using a syringe it’s effortless to measure out a 3 Tablespoons, the amount that replaces one egg, when you note that 3 Tablespoons equals about 45 mL. You simply dip the tip into the flax gel mixture, pull the top of the syringe to draw the mixture inside of it to the desired measurement, transfer the syringe to where you’re dispensing it and push the mixture out. After using a food syringe for this purpose, I discovered that it works so well for transferring liquids that I ended up discarding my baster because it worked so much better. If you're into making sauerkraut you're going to love how easy it is to use one of these to draw off excess liquid.

Not into remembering conversions and doing math? Me too. To easily convert Tablespoons and teaspoons to milliliters, check out the Baking Measuring Unit Converter.

Get a price on the Spice Grinder I Recommend at Amazon.

Chickpea Flour - The Underrated Egg Replacer

Category: Vegan Egg Replacer Recipes

4.0 (1)

Vegan Yogurt Egg Replacer

Category: Vegan Egg Replacer Recipes

0.0 (0)

Vegan Chia Seed Egg Replacer

Category: Vegan Egg Replacer Recipes

4.4 (10)

Vegan Egg Replacer Powder

Category: Vegan Egg Replacer Recipes

5.0 (4)

User reviews

Average user rating from: 7 user(s)

Rating

5.0 (7)

Already have an account?

Name

Username

Create an account to be able to manage all of your submissions. After you submit the form we'll email you an activation link with a temporary password.

Review Title

Ratings (the higher the better)

Rating

Other Info

Website

Twitter Username

Comments

Please enter the security code.

Great job! Thank you very much for sharing the knowledge. I love the fact that you take so much interest in responding to queries too in a much positive manner and with utmost interest. I have made the gel just now. It would be nice if you can give a measure of how much water to use for a cup of flax seed to make the gel just like you. I am not sure how mine would turn out. Waiting it to cool.

Rating

5.0

Reviewed by Puma July 04, 2014
Top 100 Reviewer - View all my reviews (1)

Yum Yum

Was this review helpful to you?

A tremendous balance of technical and culinary factors, all wrapped up with accessible 'Hey' I can do that!' guidance. Thank you.

Rating

5.0

Reviewed by Foodfun June 25, 2014
Top 500 Reviewer - View all my reviews (1)

Exceptionally well written!

A tremendous balance of technical and culinary factors, all wrapped up with accessible 'Hey' I can do that!' guidance. Thank you.

Was this review helpful to you?

I made the flax gel yesterday after trying a few different egg substitutes. It worked perfectly in the cookies! They turned out exactly as they would have if I had been using eggs. My non-vegan friends felt the same. I am happy to find an alternative that does not create a different taste or texture. I used brown flax seeds but there was not any flax taste was in the cookies after they baked.

Thanks for the great recipe!

Rating

5.0

Reviewed by Sally May 29, 2014

Amazing!

Was this review helpful to you?

Hi,

This is such a detailed article. Thank you so much. Just checking quickly - I am making a chocolate cake for a birthday. I want it to be dense and moist, not airy and dry. Do you recommend I use the powder or the gel?

Thanks!

Reviewed by Safrina May 29, 2014

Owner's reply

Hi Safrina! I know you've probably already made the cake but I just wanted to answer your question and say that as of now I don't recommend flax meal egg replacers in cakes, due to it not being a structure builder. I just updated this article to reflect that. Thanks for your question! It allowed me to realize that I needed to think this through a little more thoroughly and update the article so it's as accurate as possible.

Was this review helpful to you?

Amazon.com Widgets

Can u use flax seeds as a substitute In making of fried Churros. Instead of eggs?? Please help

Reviewed by Abhilash May 02, 2014

Can u use flax seeds as a substitute In making of fried Churros. Instead of eggs?? Please help

Was this review helpful to you?

Loved the info. To defrost the gel is it ok to heat the "ice" cubes on a pan or microwave or is it necessary to let them defrost naturally?

Rating

5.0

Reviewed by Pedro January 29, 2014
Top 100 Reviewer - View all my reviews (1)

Defrosting

Loved the info. To defrost the gel is it ok to heat the "ice" cubes on a pan or microwave or is it necessary to let them defrost naturally?

Owner's reply

Hi Pedro! Feel free to defrost the flax gel cubes in a pan or microwave. They're pretty resistant to burning. The worst you could do is heat them too much and boil off some of the water contained within, but that would take an excessive amount of heat. Good luck!

Was this review helpful to you?

I have been making a chocolate pate, which is not baked, using pasteurized eggs. Will I be able to use the flax seed goo as a replacement?

Reviewed by gentlemanjimw November 09, 2013
Top 500 Reviewer - View all my reviews (1)

Flax seed goo egg replacer

I have been making a chocolate pate, which is not baked, using pasteurized eggs. Will I be able to use the flax seed goo as a replacement?

Owner's reply

Great question gentlemanjimw. When you mean "not baked" do you mean there is no heat whatsoever in the production of the pate? The reason I'm asking is because I'd like to know if the egg proteins are being coagulated in any way. Also, without seeing the recipe it's difficult to tell if this will work with flax gel because it depends on what the egg is being used for.

Eggs do many things in recipes. In the pate it's probably emulsifying with its lecithin and providing structure with coagulated proteins. It's probably also leaving some of the proteins uncoagulated which will enhance creaminess.

Flax gel doesn't emulsify or provide a protein structure network so my impression is that it wouldn't work as a drop-in replacement for eggs in this recipe. You might want to look into processing together some flax gel, lecithin, deodorized coconut oil and arrowroot flour and mix that into your main ingredients for the pate. Also, reduce water content to make up for the fact that eggs use up water and pull together when their proteins coagulate; without them you'll need less water in the recipe. Good luck and feel free to message me if you have any other questions on this!

Was this review helpful to you?

I made brownies with flaxseed specks I found at Marshalls, of all places. They came out better than if I had used egg!

Reviewed by SUSAN September 23, 2013

I made brownies with flaxseed specks I found at Marshalls, of all places. They came out better than if I had used egg!

Owner's reply

Glad the flax seed egg replacer worked so well in your brownies Susan!

Was this review helpful to you?

Maybe of interest to some. Flaxseed mucilage foamed / whipped.

http://www.wingitvegan.com/2012/10/a-vegan-meringue-topping-and-chocolate.html
and here
http://www.artisanveganlife.com/intensely-baking/

Reviewed by Danicl June 18, 2013
Top 50 Reviewer - View all my reviews (2)

Flaxseed whip

Was this review helpful to you?

Don't miss eggs, not baking, but there is a function of eggs that is missing - the binding capacity for coatings. I have tried vegan "fried" (I actually bake everything) things like seitan or tofu but the coatings will not adhere. Most recent fail was a tofu "chicken nuggets" where all the lovely coating ended up in the dish while I was eating pretty much just tofu. Some dropped off on the baking sheet, more when I put it in a container to store and the rest when I took it out to eat. Will flax "egg" substitute function here? Has anyone tried it?

Reviewed by diayag May 27, 2013
Top 500 Reviewer - View all my reviews (1)

About other egg uses

Owner's reply

Great question diayag! To make coatings adhere and stay crunchy, you need a substance that binds but also doesn't hold onto water excessively. Egg whites work well for this because they're able to do these two things. Since flax contains polysaccharides, this theoretically won't work the same way egg whites will because unlike egg whites, polysaccharides are really good at holding onto water.

I haven't spent as much time experimenting on breading things with coatings, but most of the reputable recipes I've seen utilize corn starch to do this, although it still won't work as well as an egg in baked-on breading applications. I think utilizing a corn starch binder with the frying method would yield the best results. Now I want to try this!

Was this review helpful to you?

Amazon.com Widgets

I have to make some vegan wedding cake this summer and I am planning to try this gel. My question, as I'm shopping for flax seeds, am I looking for a raw flax seed or a roasted? So far I've only really seen roasted. Thanks for the advice!

Reviewed by Jessica May 06, 2013

Raw or Roasted.

Owner's reply

Hi Jessica! I definitely recommend unroasted golden flax seeds. You should be able to find them at your local health food store. Good luck!

Was this review helpful to you?

Once again, thanks so much for all the info. It is a great help :). I especially appreciate the info on how to make the clear gel - the proportions to use and the hints for success.

Rating

5.0

Reviewed by maesti April 19, 2013
Top 50 Reviewer - View all my reviews (2)

great info

Once again, thanks so much for all the info. It is a great help :). I especially appreciate the info on how to make the clear gel - the proportions to use and the hints for success.

Owner's reply

Thanks so much maesti!

Was this review helpful to you?

Thanks !

Rating

5.0

Reviewed by Anna October 16, 2012

Thanks !

Was this review helpful to you?

Hi there,

Other than the colour...is there a noticeable difference between golden vs. brown flax seeds? Are the golden ones more tasty and/or more goopy?

Thanks,
Janice

Reviewed by Janice March 04, 2012

Golden vs. Brown Flax seeds?

Hi there,

Other than the colour...is there a noticeable difference between golden vs. brown flax seeds? Are the golden ones more tasty and/or more goopy?

Thanks,
Janice

Owner's reply

Great question Janice! To my knowledge there is no difference in taste or thickening properties of flax. I go for the golden flax because it's less likely to color my desserts. I'm probably going to be using white chia seeds exclusively in the future due to their even more neutral color and flavor.

Was this review helpful to you?

Hi, Can Flax seeds be used for all recipes calling for eggs? Eg: Cakes, Muffins,etc...? I'm new new to baking. So your answer would be very helpful.

Thanks,
Vidya

Reviewed by Vidya February 29, 2012

Uses of Flax Seeds

Hi, Can Flax seeds be used for all recipes calling for eggs? Eg: Cakes, Muffins,etc...? I'm new new to baking. So your answer would be very helpful.

Thanks,
Vidya

Owner's reply

Hi Vidya, Flax seed puree can be substituted in baking recipes where a light binding property is needed, such as muffins, cookies, bars, crusts, some dense cakes and enriched breads. Flax seed puree doesn't trap air bubbles. The "goop" consists of long strains of complex sugar molecules called polysaccharides which strengthen and slightly pull together when applied to heat.

It's unable to trap air bubbles so it's important to steer clear of flax seed puree when making anything resembling a custard, pudding or sauce. Flax seed meal is also grainy which is another reason to avoid using it in the above products, where smoothness would be important. I use the general rule to not replace more than 3 eggs with Flax Seed Egg Replacer when veganizing a normal family-sized recipe. If you try to use more, you'll start to taste the seeds which can be slightly bitter and mealy. Also, if a recipe calls for 3 eggs or more, flax isn't going to be powerful enough to stand up to the job as an egg replacer. Hope this helps!

Was this review helpful to you?

I used this to replace two eggs in zucchini muffins tonight. I ground two tablespoons with some of the zuch and oil mixture and it made a real glob of goo in the blender. Very good binder I'd say!

Rating

5.0

Reviewed by Cat June 23, 2010

Very useful

I used this to replace two eggs in zucchini muffins tonight. I ground two tablespoons with some of the zuch and oil mixture and it made a real glob of goo in the blender. Very good binder I'd say!

Other Info

Website

http://abstractist.wordpress.com/

Was this review helpful to you?

Amazon.com Widgets